Multivitamin use and telomere length in women

doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26986

TABLE 3

Average telomere length according to total intake of selected micronutrients with and without adjustment for multivitamin use^¹

	Model 1^² (n = 586)			Model 2^³ (n = 581)
Nutrient	Quartile 1^⁴	Quartile 4^⁴	P for trend^⁵	Quartile 1^⁴	Quartile 4^⁴	P for trend^⁵
Vitamin A (IU)	4953^⁶	17,547		4927	17,547
Lsmean ± SE	5293 ± 106	5633 ± 108	0.02	5356 ± 124	5571 ± 124	0.3
β-carotene (μg)	1621	7226		1613	7206
Lsmean ± SE	5336 ± 107	5649 ± 106	0.03	5409 ± 120	5605 ± 120	0.2
Vitamin C (mg)	63	785		63	794
Lsmean ± SE	5289 ± 107	5670 ± 106	0.02	5318 ± 132	5620 ± 121	0.2
Vitamin E (α-TE)	7.6	328		7.6	328
Lsmean ± SE	5324 ± 104	5640 ± 111	0.1	5346 ± 158	5590 ± 127	0.5
Vitamin B-6 (mg)	1.2	4.9		1.2	4.9
Lsmean ± SE	5424 ± 107	5737 ± 107	0.005	5604 ± 149	5619 ± 140	0.5
Vitamin B-12 (μg)	2.3	17		2.3	17
Lsmean ± SE	5355 ± 104	5737 ± 106	0.002	5442 ± 142	5641 ± 127	0.1
Folate (μg)	236	867		236	867
Lsmean ± SE	5336 ± 108	5689 ± 107	0.01	5452 ± 146	5516 ± 146	0.8
Vitamin D (IU)	75	639		75	637
Lsmean ± SE	5393 ± 103	5564 ± 108	0.009	5430 ± 134	5500 ± 142	0.7
Calcium (mg)	444	1906		445	1906
Lsmean ± SE	5407 ± 106	5578 ± 111	0.04	5454 ± 120	5501 ± 126	0.4
Selenium (μg)	61	113		61	113
Lsmean ± SE	5369 ± 103	5663 ± 106	0.02	5446 ± 115	5602 ± 123	0.3
Iron (mg)	8.5	33		8.5	33
Lsmean ± SE	5391 ± 107	5568 ± 110	0.03	5459 ± 131	5459 ± 135	0.97
Magnesium (mg)	184	419		184	419
Lsmean ± SE	5314 ± 105	5659 ± 109	0.007	5364 ± 126	5589 ± 129	0.3
Zinc (mg)	7.1	31		7.1	30
Lsmean ± SE	5332 ± 102	5630 ± 106	0.008	5350 ± 134	5560 ± 132	0.4

¹Least-squares mean (Lsmean) ± SE values were derived from generalized linear regression models. TE, tocopherol equivalents.

²Adjusted for age, race, BMI, education level, cigarette smoking, presence of diabetes or cardiovascular diseases, energy intake, perceived stress level, self-reported health status, and physical activity.

³Adjusted as for model 1 and for multivitamin use. Five women with missing data on multivitamin use were not included in model 2.

⁴Each quartile represents ≈25% of the study participants: quartile 1, the lowest 25%, and quartile 4, the highest 25%.

⁵Tested by including the median of each category as a continuous variable in the regression model.

⁶Median (all such values).