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Table 2

Effect size (ES) on primary and pooled secondary end points, showing differences between active treatment and sham arms.

Author/procedureLimit disease duration/time to follow-up (months)Trial arm/number of patients randomisedES primary end pointES pooled secondary end points (number of end points)
Leon 2005/percutaneous myocardial laser revascularisationNone/12Exercise duration (s)(10)
Active/980.230.60
Sham/1020.220.54
ES active treatment vs sham0.010.07
Salem 2004/percutaneous myocardial laser revascularisationNone/12Exercise duration (s)
Active/400.04
Sham/420.08
ES active treatment vs sham−0.04
Sihvonen 2013/arthroscopic partial meniscectomy>3/12Lysholm knee score(4)
Active/700.860.58
Sham/761.030.58
ES active treatment vs sham−0.170.00
Moseley 2002/arthroscopic debridementNone/12Knee Specific Pain Scale(5)
Active/590.540.11
Sham/600.850.20
ES active treatment vs sham−0.31−0.09
Pham 2004/hyaluronic acidVAS pain(3)
 None/12Active/1311.481.35
Sham/851.541.30
ES active treatment vs sham−0.060.05
Chevalier 2010/hyaluronic acidWomac AWomac C function
None/6Active/1241.521.13
Sham/1291.181.07
ES active treatment vs sham0.340.06
Altman 2004/hyaluronic acidNone/6Womac pain(2)
Active/1720.760.38
Sham/1740.850.53
ES active treatment vs sham−0.09−0.15
Kallmes 2009/percutaneous vertebroplasty<12/1Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire(7)
Active/680.860.72
Sham/630.810.63
ES active treatment vs sham0.050.09
Buchbinder 2009/percutaneous vertebroplasty<12/6Pain Score(4)
Active/380.830.46
Sham/400.710.51
ES active treatment vs sham0.12−0.05
Cohen 2012/epidural injection of corticosteroids<6 /1NRS leg pain(2)
Active/281.510.88
Sham/300.820.39
ES active treatment vs sham0.690.49
Iversen 2011/epidural injection of corticosteroids>3/12Oswestry Disability Index
Active/361.68
Sham/401.85
ES active treatment vs sham−0.17
Arden 2005/epidural injection of corticosteroids>1<18/12Oswestry Disability Index(2)
Active /1201.421.14
Sham/1081.441.21
ES active treatment vs sham−0.02−0.07
Valat 2002/epidural injection of corticosteroids<6/1VAS Pain(3)
Active/421.851.10
Sham/431.470.99
ES active treatment vs sham0.380.10
Freeman 2005/intradiscal electrothermal therapy≥3/6Oswestry Disability Index(6)
Active/380.10−0.03
Sham/19−0.070.12
ES active treatment vs sham0.17−0.15
Pauza 2003/intradiscal electrothermal therapy>6/6Oswestry Disability Index(3)
Active/320.940.90
Sham/240.350.46
ES active treatment vs sham0.590.44
Kvarstein 2009/percutaneous intradiscal radiofrequency thermocoagulation>6/12Brief Pain Inventory(5)
Active/100.340.54
Sham/100.230.24
ES active treatment vs sham0.110.30
Olanow 2003/fetal nigral transplantationNone/24UPDRS 3 off(5)
Active/120.04−0.24
Sham/11−0.44−0.19
ES active treatment vs sham0.48−0.06
Marks 2010/gene delivery of AAV2-neurturin≥60/12UPDRS 3 off(7)
Active/380.720.23
Sham/200.53−0.05
ES active treatment vs sham0.190.28
Gross 2011/transplantation of human retinal pigmental cells≥60/12UPDRS 3 off(2)
Active/351.090.08
Sham/360.880.06
ES active treatment vs sham0.210.02
LeWitt 2011/AAV-GAD gene into subthalamic nucleus≥60/6UPDRS 3 off(7)
Active/161.000.30
Sham/210.420.21
ES active treatment vs sham0.580.08
Dowson 2008/patent foramen ovale closureNone/6Frequency migraine/month (per protocol)Headache Impact Test
Active/740.741.02
Sham/730.451.06
ES active treatment vs sham0.280.04

NRS, Numerical Rating Scale; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; VAS, visual analogue scale; Womac, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index.

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