Table 4
Studies testing consistently ongoing implementation interventions
| Study | Intervention and control | Outcome measures | Results | Success | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eccles et al., 2001 [24] | IG1: A&F: − audit and feedback IG2: ER - educational reminders IG3: A&F + ER – both interventions. All IGs also received a copy of guidelines CG: Copy of the guidelines only | Primary outcome measure: Radiograph request rate. | −1.53 absolute reduction per 1000 patients ER (95 % CI −2.5 to −0.57) v CG ρ values not stated −0.70 A&F (95 % CI −1.3 to 0.9) v CG ρ values not stated No increased effect A&E + ER. | Successful. Statistically significant differences in lumbar spine radiograph request rate between groups | ||
| Ramsey et al., 2003 [48] | IG: Educational reminders CG: Copy of guidelines only | Primary outcome measure: Monthly radiograph request rate for 12 months | Practice mean per month: 1.76 IG v 2.38 CG ρ values not stated 0.64 relative risk (95 % CI 0.43 to 0.96) IG ρ = 0.029* | Successful. Statistically significant differences between groups and no decay of effect over 12 months. | ||
| Baker et al., 1987 [50] | IG: Special radiographic requisition form CG: None as a ITS | Primary outcome measure: Radiographic request rate. | Reduction of radiograph request rate from 1443 to 759 ρ values not stated | Successful. A 47 % reduction in the first year maintained for next 3 years | ||
| McGuirk et al., 2001 [32] | IG: Special evidence based clinics staffed by motivated practitioners CG: Usual care | Primary outcome measures: | At 3 months: | At 6 months: | At 12 months: | Partially successful. The differences in the VAS at 3 and 12 months were statistically significantly different. The difference between groups in the SF-36 physical functioning at 12 months was statistically ignificantly different. None of these differences in the SF-36 social functioning or physical role were statistically significantly different between groups. The differences in the SF-36 bodily pain at 3 and 6 months were statistically significantly different between groups. |
| 1. Pain VAS | 2 IG v10 CG ρ = 0.001* | 3 IG v 4 CG ρ = 0.21 | 2 IG v 9 CG ρ = 0.042* | |||
| 2. SF-36 physical functioning | 1.02 IG v 1.00 CG ρ = 0.364 | 1.04 IG v 1.04 CG ρ = 0.197 | 1.07 IG v 0.91 CG ρ = 0.006* | |||
| 2. SF-36 social functioning | 1.14 IG v 1.13 CG ρ = 0.853 | 1.15 IG v 1.13 CG ρ = 0.269 | 1.15 IG v 1.15 CG ρ = 0.888 | |||
| 2. SF-36 physical role | 1.17 IG v 1.12 CG ρ = 0.939 | 1.17 IG v 1.12 CG ρ = 0.35 | 1.18 IG v 1.12 CG ρ = 0.782 | |||
| 2. SF-36 Bodily pain | 0.93 IG v 0.79 CG ρ = 0.027* | 1.01 IG v 0.90 CG ρ = 0.018* | 1.02 IG v 0.90 CG ρ = 0.123 | |||