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Table 3

Summary of included clinical trials

ReferencesPeer reviewed?OM definedSampleManipulative treatmentResultsAdverse eventsQuality?
Wahl et al33YesRecurrent OM84 pts: 21 double PBO, 20 OMT PBO & ech txt, 23 OMT txt & ech PBO, 20 OMT txt & ech txtOsteopathic manipulationNo significance different in OM episodes between placebo and treatment groups.Not statedExcellent
Zaphiris et al34YesAOM57 pts: 25 txt, 32 controlOsteopathic manipulationAbstract for Mills et al article. Txt group had decreased symptoms and improved tympanogram scores.Not statedFair
Mills et al35YesAOM57 pts: 25 txt, 32 controlOsteopathic manipulationTxt group had decreased symptoms and improved tympanogram scores.“No adverse reactions to OMT were reported during the study.”Good
Sawyer et al36YesChronic OME20 pts: 9 txt, 11 controlChiropractic manipulationPilot study. Clinicians need more training with the tympanometry and otoscopic examination.Soreness noted after 1 treatment, which resolved in a few days.Excellent
AOM, Acute otitis media; ech, echinacea purpurea; OMT, osteopathic manipulative therapy; PBO, placebo; pts, participants; txt, treatment group.