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Table 2

The validity of twenty-six studies on the use of primary prevention in chiropractic practice

Articles
1st author
Yr of publication
Country of study
If prevention studied as main topic, was there a definition/explanation (in the introduction or the method)?
(1 pt)
Were relevant questions or survey instrumenprovided?
(1 pt)
Was there an attempt to assure quality of survey instrument?DC attitudes and useReasons for consultingScores
Opinions to PP
-anonymous reporting/confidentiality (1 pt)
Use of PP
-anonymous reporting/confidentiality (1 pt)
Reported by DC
-actuarial reporting (1 pt)
-approx. reporting (0 pt)
Reported by patient/
guardians
-anonymous reporting/confidentiality (1 pt)
Walker (2000) [33]
USA
IRNo
(0 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRNot reported
(0 pt)
IRIR1/3
Hawk (2001) [22]
Australia
Canada
USA
IRNo
(0 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRNot reported
(0 pt)
IRYes
(1 pt)
2/4
Hawk (2004) [17]
USA
Yes
“public health, clinical prevention, or health promotion”
(1 pt)
No
(0 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRIR4/5
McDonald (2004) [34]
Mexico
USA
Canada
IRNo
(0 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRNot reported
(0 pt)
IRIR1/3
Mootz (2005) [38]
USA
IRAvailable on request
(1 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRIRActuarial reporting
(1 pt)
IR3/3
Alcantara (2008) [23]
Several countries
IRNo
(0 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRIRActuarial reporting
(1 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
3/4
Blum (2008) [18]
Australia
Europe
USA
Yes
Wellness: Optimizing health among self-identified healthy.
Prev. Health:
1/Preventing illness among self-identified healthy
2/Preventing illness in people at risk
(1 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
No
(0 pt)
IRIRIRYes
(1 pt)
3/4
Malmqvist (2008) [35]
Finland
IRYes
(1 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRYes
(1 pt)
IRIR3/3
Alcantara (2009) [24]
Several countries
IRNo
(0 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRIRActuarial reporting
(1 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
3/4
Hestbaek (2009) [37]
Denmark
IRNo
(0 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRIRIRYes2/3
Alcantara (2010) [25]
Several countries
IRNo
(0 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRYes
(1 pt)
Approximate reporting
(0 pt)
IR2/4
Leach (2011) [28]
USA
Yes
Refers to ‘’Healthy people 2010”
(1 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRIR5/5
Marchand (2012) [26]
Several
European countries
IRNo
(0 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRIRApproximate reporting
(0 pt)
IR1/3
French (2013) [39] AustraliaIRYes
(1 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRIRActuarial reporting
(1 pt)
IR3/3
Stuber (2013) [19]
Canada
IRNo
(0 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRYes
(1 pt)
IRIR2/3
Brown (2014) [40]
Australia
IRNo
(0 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRIRIRYes
(1 pt)
2/3
McGregor (2014) [20]
Canada
IRYes
(1 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRIRIR3/3
Bussières (2015) [27]
Canada
IRNo but very informative tables
(0,5*pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRIRIR2.5/3
Blanchette (2015) [36]
Canada
IRNo, but very informative tables
(0,5*pt)
No
(0 pt)
IRNot reported
(0 pt)
IRIR0.5/3
Fikar (2015) [31]
UK
Yes
‘’Promote health and wellness”
(1 pt)
No
(0 pt)
No
(0 pt)
Probably yes
(1 pt)
Probably yes
(1 pt)
IRIR3/5
Glithro (2015) [29]
UK
Yes
‘’Early detection of pre-cancerous lesion”
(1 pt)
No, but very informative tables
(0,5*pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRIR4.5/5
Schneider (2015) [30]
USA
IRYes
(1 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRIRIR3/3
Allen- Unhammer (2016) [21]
Norway
(Part1 – register study)
IRIRIRIRIRActuarial reporting (1 pt)IR1/1
Allen- Unhammer (2016)[21]
Norway
(Part 2 – survey)
IRNo
(0 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRIRIRActuarial reporting
(1 pt)
2/3
Pohlman (2016) [41]
Several Countries
IRNo
(0 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
IRIRApproximate reporting
(0 pt)
IR1/3
Adams (2017) [32]
Australia
IRNo
(0 pt)
Yes
(1 pt)
Not reported
(0 pt)
IRIRIR1/3

PP: Primary Prevention/DC: chiropractors/IR: irrelevant

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