Outcome Assessment
Reference Articles

This section of citations was compiled by Frank M. Painter, D.C.
Send all comments or additions to:    Frankp@chiro.org

Other
Sections:      The DOCUMENTATION Section       The GUIDELINES Section

This section includes:

A.)     Outcome Assessment Questionnaires:

1.   SF-36

2.   Visual Analog Scale (VAS)

3.   Neck Disability Index (NDI)

4.   Oswestry Low Back Pain

5.   Roland-Morris Questionnaire

6.   McGill Pain Questionnaire (Short Form)

7.   Other Questionnaires


B.)     Measuring Instruments:

1.   Algometry


C.)     General Analysis:

1.   Psychosocial (Waddell Signs)

2.   Performance Clinical Testing

A.)    QUESTIONNAIRES:

1.    SF-36

Goertz, Christine M Measuring Functional Health Status in the Chiropractic Office Using Self-Report Questionnaires   Top in Clin Chiro 1994:   1 (1):   51-59
Patient self-perception of the health care experience is becoming an important component of clinical outcomes assessment. In light of impending change toward more closely managed health care purchasing, chiropractors are being expected to document and quantify clinical progress. Functional health status instruments are an economic and efficient way of accomplishing the task. Two such instruments are presented in detail: the Dartmouth COOP charts and the RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0, the latter of which is included in its entirety for use in the office setting. Several other instruments are briefly summarized.


Hawk, Cheryl "Update on the Research Network: Use of the SF-36 Health Survey (RAND-36)"
Palmer J Res 1995;   2 (2):   32–33


Stewart, A The M.O.S. short form general health survey: Reliability and validity in a patient population
Medical Care 1988;   26 (7):   724


"Measuring results: The new importance of patient questionnaires"
The Chiropractic Report 1992;   7 (1):   1–6


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2.    Visual Analog Scale (VAS)

Love, A Chiropractic chronic LBP sufferers and self-report assessment methods. PART I: A reliability study of the visual analogue scale (VAS), the pain drawing and the McGill Pain Questionnaire
J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1989;   12:   21–25


Osterbauer, Paul J "Users guide for the visual analogue scale"
Activator Methods, Inc. Phoenix, Az, (602) 224-0220


Price, Donald D The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain
Pain 1983;   17:   45–56


Wallace, Harry L. "The relationship of changes in cervical curvature to visual analog scale, neck disability index scores and pressure algometry with neck pain"
Chiro: Jour of Chiro Res and Clin Invest 1994;   9 (1):   19–23


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3.    Neck Disability Index (NDI)

Vernon, H The Neck Disability Index: A Study of Reliability and Validity
J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1991;   14 (7):   409–415


Wallace, Harry L. "The relationship of changes in cervical curvature to visual analog scale, neck disability index scores and pressure algometry with neck pain"
Chiro: Jour of Chiro Res and Clin Invest 1994;   9 (1):   19–23


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4.    Oswestry Low Back Pain

Fairbanks, J "The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire"
Physiotherapy 1980;   66:   271


Fairbanks, J " The Oswestry Disability Index"
SPINE 2000;   25 (22):   2940–2953

Roberts A. The conservative treatment of low back pain. MD thesis, University of Nottingham, 1991.


Waddell G. The Back Pain Revolution. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1998


Baker CD, Pynsent PB, Fairbank JCT. The Oswestry Disability Index revisited: Its reliability, repeatability and validity, and a comparison with the St. Thomas's Disability Index. In: Roland MO, Jenner JR, eds. Back Pain: New Approaches to Education and Rehabilitation. Manchester University Press, 1989:   174–186


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5.    Roland-Morris Questionnaire

Roland M, Morris R. A study of the natural history of back pain: PART I: Development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low-back pain.
Spine 1983;   8:   141–144


Stratford PW, Binkley JM. Measurement properties of the RM 18: A modified version of the Roland-Morris disability scale
Spine 1997;   22:   2416–2421


Deyo RA. Comparative validity of the sickness impact profile and shorter scales for functional assessment in low back pain
Spine 1986;   11   951–954


Jensen MP, Strom SE, Turner JA, Romano JM. Validity of the Sickness Impact Profile Roland scale as a measure of dysfunction in chronic pain patients
Pain 1992;   50:   157–162


Patrick DL, Deyo RA, Atlas SJ, Singer DE, Chapin A, Keller RB. Assessing health related quality of life in patients with sciatica
Spine 1995;   20:   1899–1909


Roberts A. The conservative treatment of low back pain. MD thesis, University of Nottingham, 1991


Waddell G. The Back Pain Revolution. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1998


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6.    McGill Pain Questionnaire (Short Form)

Melzack, R "The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major Properties and Scoring Methods"
Pain 1975 (Sep);   1 (3):   277-299


Melzack, R. "The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire"
Pain 1987;   30 (2):   191-197


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7.    Other Questionnaires

Main, Chris J "The distress and risk assessment method: A simple patient classification to identify distress and evaluate the risk of poor outcome"
Spine 1992;   17 (1):   42–52


Main, Chris J "The modified somatic perception questionnaire"
J Psychosom Res 1983;   27 (6):   503–514


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B.)    MEASURING DEVICES:

1.    Algometry

Algometrics Inc. "The sLide algometer- Theory and practical use in patient care"
UNPUBLISHED 1990 : A 12 page handout (Supplied w/ a new algometer from Activator)


Bovim, Gunnar "Cervicogenic headache, migraine, and tension-type headache. Pressure-pain threshold measurements"
Pain 1992;   51:   169–173


Fischer, Andrew A "Pressure algometry over normal muscles: Standard values, validity, reproducibility of pressure threshold"
Pain 1987;   30:   115–126


Hains, Francois "Association between primary dysmenorrhea and pain threshold at the thoracolumbar junction"
FCER's International Conference on Spinal Manipulation, 1991; 106–109


Hsieh, J "Effect of chiropractic manipulation on the pain threshold of myofascial trigger point: A pilot study"
FCER's International Conference on Spinal Manipulation, 1990; 359–363


Jensen, Kai "Quantification of tenderness by palpation and use of pressure algometer"
Advances in Pain Res & Ther 1990;   17:   165–181


Reeves, John L "Reliability of the pressure algometer as a measure of myofascial trigger point sensitivity"
Pain 1986;   24 :   313–321


Vernon, HT "Pressure pain threshold evaluation of the effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of chronic neck pain: A pilot study"
J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1990;   131:   13–16


Back to INITIAL REPORT:


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C.)    GENERAL ANALYSIS:

1.    Psychosocial (Waddell Signs)

Chan, Carl W "The pain drawing and Waddell's nonorganic physical signs in chronic low-back pain"
Spine 1993;   18 (13):   1717–1722


Milus, Thomas B "Somatization: Psychologic considerations in chiropractic practice"
Top in Clin Chiro 1994:   1 (1):   13–25


Waddell, Gordon "Nonorganic physical signs in low back pain"
Spine 1980;   5 (2):   117–125


Waddell, G "Assessment of severity in low back disorders"
Spine 1984;   9 (2):   204–208


Waddell, G "Chronic low-back pain, psychologic distress, and illness behavior"
Spine 1984;   9 (2):   209–213


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2.     Performance Clinical Testing

Alaranta, H "Non-dynametric trunk performance tests: Reliability and normative data base"
Scand J Rehab Med 1994;   26:   211–215


Donelson, Ronald "Pain response to sagittal end-range spinal motion: A prospective, randomized, multi-center trial (McKenzie protocol)"
Spine 1991;   16 (6):   S206–S212


Donelson, Ronald "Centralization phenomenon: It's usefulness in evaluation and treating referred pain"
Spine 1990;   15 (3):   211–213


Rissanen, A & Alaranta, H "Isokinetic and non-dynamometric tests in low back pain patients related to pain and disability index"
Spine 1994;   19 (17):   1963–1967


Tunnell, Pamela W "Protocol for visual assessment: Postural evaluation of the muscular system through visual inspection"
J Bodywork Movement Ther 1996;   1 (1):   21–27


Yeomans, Steven G & Liebensen, Craig "Quantitative functional capacity evaluation: The missing link to outcomes assessment"
Top Clin Chiro 1996;   3 (1):   32–41
appendix "Outcomes assessment record, QFCE tests,etc on pages 84-89


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Since 3-01-1998

Updated 9-04-2007