Table 6
Studies suggesting that pain catastrophising and expectancies impact WAD prognosis
| First Author | Year Published | Treatment Administered | Study Design | Summary of Findings | Level of Study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carroll | 2009 | Rehabilitation | Cohort | Patients who expected to recover soon recovered in 1/3 of the time | C |
| Ozegovic | 2009 | None | Cohort | Those who expected to recover experienced global recovery 42% faster | C |
| Ozegovic | 2010 | None | Population-based cohort | Depression, ↓ income, ↓ education & male gender associated with delayed RTW | C |
| Ferrari | 2011 | None | X-sectional cohort | High correlation between expectations and injury severity perception scores | C |
| Bostick | 2013 | Physiotherapy & Chiropractic | Longitudinal cohort | Expectations inversely correlated, catastrophising directly correlated with pain severity at 6 mo | C |
| Carriere | 2015 | Rehabilitation | Longitudinal cohort | Expectancies mediate the relationship between pain catastrophizing fear of movement & RTW | C |
| Chiarotto | 2015 | Manual therapy; motor & sensorimotor control training | Longitudinal Cohort | Baseline pain intensity & pain catastrophising predict response | C |
| Falla | 2016 | None | Longitudinal cohort | Female gender, unsettled insurance claims & financial status predict pain | C |
| Smith | 2016 | Radiofrequency neurotomy | Longitudinal cohort | Baseline pain catastrophising & disability predict response | C |
| Carriere | 2017 | Rehabilitation | Longitudinal cohort | Expectancies mediate the relationship between perceived injustice & RTW | C |
| Soderlund | 2018 | Multimodal therapy | Longitudinal cohort | Expectation of recovery, distracting & supportive feedback from significant others predict recovery outcome | C |
| De Pauw | 2018 | None | X-sectional case-control | Fear avoidance symptoms of central sensitisation, & pain predict motor impairment | B |
| Elphinston | 2018 | Rehabilitation | Longitudinal cohort | Expectations inversely correlated, catastrophising directly correlated with pain severity | C |
Level of evidence: B; Strength of conclusion: 3; RTW: Return to Work