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PMC full text:
Published online 2016 Dec 1. doi:  10.1038/srep38107

Table 1

L4 rotation (°) (SD) relative to L3 created in intact cadaveric specimens at peak loads
during the application of SMT and passive movements.
MotionRotation (°)
X (flx ext)Y (lat bending)Z (axial rot)
SMT3.06 (1.00)*,#−0.65 (0.52)^,#−1.71 (1.20)^,#
Axial Rotation1.40 (0.74)−0.44 (0.74)−1.24 (0.58)
Extension3.17 (0.78)−0.07 (0.45)−0.20 (0.27)
Flexion−0.58 (0.39)0.32 (0.16)−0.19 (0.12)
SD = standard deviation; SMT = spinal manipulative therapy.

*Significant difference (p < 0.05) in comparison with axial rotation.

^Significant difference (p < 0.05) in comparison with extension.

#Significant difference (p < 0.05) in comparison with flexion.