| PMC full text: | Published online 2011 Jan 13. doi: 10.1007/s00586-010-1676-3
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Table 2
The cost-effectiveness of “advice” (provide evidence-based information on prognosis, advise to remain active, provide information about effective self-care options)
| Study ID | Comparative treatments | Details of economic evaluation | Results of economic evaluation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Herman et al. [46] | Advice (advice and back booklet) Naturopathic care (acupuncture, relaxation) and back booklet | Type: CEA/CUA Perspective: societal, employer and patient Setting: Canada, 2005 Follow-up: 6 months | ICER for naturopathic care compared to advice: QALY (SF-6D) = naturopathic care and back booklet dominant (i.e. incurred lower costs and more effective) from societal and patient’s perspective Absenteeism = 154 (2005 USD) per absentee day avoided from employer’s perspective |
| Hlobil et al. [26] | Advice Advice plus graded activity using cognitive-behavioural principles | Type: CBA Perspective: employer Setting: The Netherlands, 1999–2000 Follow-up: 1 year for costs, 3 years for other outcomes | Mean cost benefit = 999 (1999 Euro) favouring advice plus graded activity (95% CI −1,073 to 3,115) |
| Lamb et al. [36] | Group cognitive behavioural intervention plus advice Advice | Type: CEA/CUA Perspective: healthcare sector Setting: United Kingdom, price year 2008 Follow-up: 1 year | ICER for Group cognitive behavioural intervention plus advice = 1,786 (2008 GBP) per QALY gained (EQ-5D) |
| Karjalainen et al. [21, 22] | GP care GP care plus advice (advice, education, exercise) | Type and perspective: not stated Setting: Finland 1998–2000 Follow-up: 24 months | No ICER conducted, but advice incurred lower costs and was more effective in proving daily symptoms, pain bothersomeness, satisfaction, days on sick leave (i.e. dominant). |
| Molde Hagen et al. [27] | Advice (advice and simple exercises) Usual care in primary care | Type: CBA Perspective: societal Setting: Norway, price year 1995 Follow-up: 1 year for costs, 3 years for other outcomes | Mean cost benefit = 3,497 (1995 USD) favouring advice |
| Niemisto et al. [23, 24] | Advice (advice, education and simple exercises) Advice plus manipulation and stabilizing exercises | Type: CEA/CUA Perspective: societal Setting: Finland, study initiated in 1999 Follow-up: 2 years | ICER for advice plus manipulation and stabilizing exercises compared to advice [mean (95% CI)]: Pain = 512 (2002 USD) per 1 point gained on a 100-point scale (77–949) Disability (Oswestry) = −78 (2002 USD) per 1 point gained on a 100-point scale (−655 to 499) |
| Rivero-Arias et al. [38] | Advice Physiotherapy | Type: CEA/CUA Perspective: unspecified for ICER Setting: United Kingdom, 1997–2001 Follow-up: 1 year | ICER for physiotherapy compared to advice: 3,010 (2004 GBP) per QALY gained (EQ-5D) |
| Strong et al. [20] for Moore et al. [18] | Book on back pain care Advice (psychologist-led group education sessions) | Type: CEA/CUA Perspective: health insurer Setting: United States, 1996–1997 Follow-up: 1 year | ICER for advice compared to book [mean (95% CI)]: 6.13 (USD, price year not reported) per one low-impact back pain days (1.48–21.14) |
| Strong et al. [20] for von Korff et al. [19] | Book on back pain care Advice (layperson-led group education sessions) | Type: CEA/CUA Perspective: health insurer Setting: United States, 1996–1997 Follow-up: 1 year | ICER for advice compared to book [mean (95% CI)]: 9.70 (USD, price year not reported) per one low-impact back pain days (−45.45 to 78.86) |
CBA cost-benefit analysis, CEA cost-effectiveness analysis, CUA cost-utility analysis, GBP British pounds, GP care care provided by a general practitioner or a primary care physician, ICER incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, in cost per 1 unit of effect gained, LBP low back pain, QALY quality-adjusted life-years, USD United States dollars