The Effects of Spinal Manipulation on Oculomotor Control in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Pilot and Feasibility Study

doi:10.3390/brainsci11081047

Table 3

Reading task: Outcome measure results of study participant’s pre- and post-chiropractic intervention versus active control.

Intervention Significance
Chiropractic Intervention Control Intervention Group Effect p Value Group by Time Interaction p Value
Outcome + n Pre n Post n Pre n Post
Reading time M (SD) 25 ^† 4016.93 (1894.50) 23 ^† 3370.06 (1508.91) 23 ^† 3548.76 (1637.85) 24 ^† 3440.41 (1971.01) 0.034 0.035

Number of forward fixations M (SD) 25 ^† 2.37 (1.14) 23 ^† 2.13 (0.96) 23 ^† 2.24 (1.15) 24 ^† 2.18 (1.00) ^ ^

Forward fixation time M (SD) 25 ^† 970.94 (645.49) 23 ^† 894.16 (514.45) 23 ^† 854.42 (469.52) 24 ^† 885.23 (604.58) ^ ^

Number reverse fixations M (SD) 18 * 1.21 (0.45) 20 * 1.04 (0.21) 16 * 1.22 (0.46) 19 * 1.17 (0.59) ^ ^

Reverse fixation time M (SD) 18 * 867.15 (672.2) 20 * 755.39 (555.85) 16 * 678.89 (506.73) 19 * 727.23 (559.7) ^ ^

Forward saccade length M (SD) 25 ^† 407.61 (135.41) 23 ^† 400.86 (117.50) 23 ^† 398.41 (96.74) 24 ^† 392.77 (88.19) ^ ^

Reverse saccade length M (SD) 18 * 284.24 (280.78) 20 * 223.12 (150.09) 16 * 253.37 (191.97) 19 * 223.76 (142.95) ^ ^

Note: + = per sentence. n ^† are participants able to calibrate, n * are participants who exhibited a reverse reading behaviour. Time is milliseconds and length in pixels. p value significance set at 0.05. ^ = unable to perform group effect or group by time analysis as data was not normally distributed after attempted data transformation to a normal distribution.

		Intervention								Significance
		Chiropractic Intervention				Control Intervention				Group Effect p Value	Group by Time Interaction p Value
Outcome +		n	Pre	n	Post	n	Pre	n	Post	Group Effect p Value	Group by Time Interaction p Value
Reading time	M (SD)	25 ^†	4016.93 (1894.50)	23 ^†	3370.06 (1508.91)	23 ^†	3548.76 (1637.85)	24 ^†	3440.41 (1971.01)	0.034	0.035

Number of forward fixations	M (SD)	25 ^†	2.37 (1.14)	23 ^†	2.13 (0.96)	23 ^†	2.24 (1.15)	24 ^†	2.18 (1.00)	^	^

Forward fixation time	M (SD)	25 ^†	970.94 (645.49)	23 ^†	894.16 (514.45)	23 ^†	854.42 (469.52)	24 ^†	885.23 (604.58)	^	^

Number reverse fixations	M (SD)	18 *	1.21 (0.45)	20 *	1.04 (0.21)	16 *	1.22 (0.46)	19 *	1.17 (0.59)	^	^

Reverse fixation time	M (SD)	18 *	867.15 (672.2)	20 *	755.39 (555.85)	16 *	678.89 (506.73)	19 *	727.23 (559.7)	^	^

Forward saccade length	M (SD)	25 ^†	407.61 (135.41)	23 ^†	400.86 (117.50)	23 ^†	398.41 (96.74)	24 ^†	392.77 (88.19)	^	^

Reverse saccade length	M (SD)	18 *	284.24 (280.78)	20 *	223.12 (150.09)	16 *	253.37 (191.97)	19 *	223.76 (142.95)	^	^