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PMC full text:
Pain. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 Aug 31.
Published in final edited form as:
Pain. 2008 Aug 31; 138(2): 267–276.
Published online 2008 Jan 28. doi:  10.1016/j.pain.2007.12.010

Table 5

Odds ratios estimated from multivariate (logistic regression) prediction of unemployment/inability to work at six-month follow-up and long-term opioid Use in 1997–1999 by baseline Pain Days (Table 5a) and prospective Risk Score excluding Pain Days(Table 5b)

Table 5a Odds ratios for prediction of behavioral outcomes from baseline Pain Days adjusted for baseline Risk Score (excluding Pain Days)

Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals):Not chronic: 1–89 Pain Days (reference group)Chronic: 90–149 Pain DaysChronic: ≥150 Pain DaysTest statistics
Unemployed/unable to work at 6 months
  Back pain1.02.0 (0.7, 5.2)4.0 (1.8, 8.6)X2=13.3 df=2, p=0.0013
  Headache1.01.5 (0.8, 3.0)1.4 (0.6, 3.1)X2=1.9 df=2, NS
  Orofacial pain1.00.8 (0.2, 2.7)1.4 (0.5, 3.8)X2=1.3 df=2, NS
Long-term opioid use in 1997–1999
  Back pain1.01.3 (0.7, 2.4)2.1 (1.3, 3.3)X2=9.8 df=2, p=0.0074
  Headache1.01.4 (0.9, 2.2)1.8 (1.1, 2.9)X2=5.8 df=2, p=0.054
  Orofacial pain1.00.9 (0.3, 2.7)1.6 (0.7, 3.7)X2=1.8 df=2, NS
Table 5b. Odds ratios for prediction of behavioral outcomes from baseline Risk Score (excluding Pain Days) adjusted for baseline Pain Days

Percentage of patients:Lower risk 0–15 (Reference Group)Possible chronic pain 16–21Probable chronic pain 22–28Test statistics
Unemployed/unable to work at 6 months
  Back pain1.03.1 (1.3, 7.7)14.5 (5.9, 35.8)X2=41.4 df=2, p<0.0001
  Headache1.02.7 (1.4, 5.1)4.5 (1.7, 11.5)X2=12.7 df=2, p<0.0018
  Orofacial pain1.01.1 (0.3, 3.5)3.4 (1.2, 9.8)X2=5.8 df=2, p=0.055
Long-term opioid use in 1997–1999
  Back pain1.02.3 (1.4, 3.8)3.3 (1.8, 5.9)X2=17.53 df=2, p=0.0002
  Headache1.02.0 (1.4, 3.0)2.7 (1.5, 5.2)X2 =15.7 df=2, p=0.0004
  Orofacial pain1.02.5 (1.1, 5.6)4.5 (1.9, 11.0)X2 =11.8 df=2, p=0.0028
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